What is Cell Structure and its Function?

 What is Cell Structure and its Function?

Introduction

As we know the cell is the structural and functional unit of living organisms. The branch of biology which deals with the study of different aspects of cells is called cell biology or cytology. As most of the cells are microscopic, therefore, to study cells at the organelles level and molecular level, different techniques are used. 

In this chapter, we will study these and detail the structure and function of cell organelles.

After the discovery of the cell in the seventeenth have been collected by different researchers. summarized in the form of cell theory. a lot of information The main points of cell theory are given below. These informations have been given

1. All organisms are composed of one c many cells and their products e.g. hair, nails, scales horns, etc.
2. The cell is a structural unit of life. the Div beton, so HMI 4
3. All cells come from parent (pre-existing) cells. 
4. The cell contains hereditary information, which is transferred from parental cells to daughter cells. Most of the diseases

1.1 Techniques Cases DOG

To study the cell, many techniques are used to examine various components of the cells and their functions in detail. These techniques are cell fractionation and centrifugation, differential staining, micro-dissection, tissue culture, chromatography, electrophoresis, etc.

1.1.1 Cell Fractionation and Centrifugation

It is a procedure to separate cell components into parts and fractions without altering their shape and function. For this purpose firstly the cell is homogenized (ground) in a suitable medium with the correct pH, ionic composition, and temperature. 

This process is called homogenization which is usually Legally rotating that applies certain etcontents.

done by a food mixer. The homogenate is poured into a test tube. The tube is then kept in a centrifuge machine and centrifuged for a fixed time at a specific speed. The faster the rotation of the centrifuge makes the smaller particles well sedimented.

 A series of increasing speeds can be used for the separation of smaller components. 

each speed a pellet is formed at the bottom of the test tube. Then supernatant (fluid above the pellet) is taken into another empty test tube and recentrifuged. Thus a series of different cell organelles are obtained in different test tubes. 

This is known as differential centrifugation. The detailed structure and function of these isolated cell organelles are studied under a microscope. under microscope.

1.1.2 Differential Staining

As most of the biological structures are transparent and colorless, therefore, cannot be seen clearly. Thus we stain these structures to observe them in detail. When only one stain is used, it is called single staining e.g., Borax carmine. When two stains are used, this is called double staining or differential staining. One stain for the nucleus e.g., Haematoxylin, and another that will stain cytoplasm e.g., Eosin.

1.1.3 Microscopic Dissection or Micro Dissection

It is a technique in which a microscope is used to assist in dissection. Laser or fine glass Trees and needles are used under a microscope to remove a portion of selected cells or chromosomes etc. Large TV screens or monitors are used to view images.

1.1.4 Tissue Culture

The term tissue culture was introduced by an American pathologist Montrose Thomas Burrows. Microdissection is a useful method affecting selected do in late It is a modern technique in which cells from a tissue of a multicellular organism are grown in vitro. The cells for tissue culture may be isolated from donor organism "primary cells" or an immortalized cell line. 

The cells are bathed in a culture medium which- contains essential nutrients and energy sources needed for tissue survival. The tissue culture is also called cell culture. This technique is used for both plant and animal cells. It is used to produce disease-free plants without using seeds.