What is Cell Function and its Structure?
1.1.5 Chromatography
It is a procedure to separate different Thief chemical compounds (Pigments) from a mixture.
There are different techniques used for chromatography. However, paper chromatography is p simple, easy, and widely used. Paper chromatography involves two phases i.e., separate
- Mobile Phase which consists of the solvent and dissolved sample (pigment mixed in water).
- Stationary phase which consists of filter paper.
The mixture of the mobile phase is passed through the stationary phase, as a result, the molecules of the mixture begin to separate as dots at different places on the stationary phase (filter paper) according to the affinity of the molecule for the stationary phase.
Now this filter paper is called a chromatogram. This procedure is usually performed to separate the mixture of protein and photosynthesis pigments.
1.1.6 Electrophoresis
A, protein) according to It is a procedure to separate molecules (DNA, RNA, J their size, shape, molecular weight, and surface charge. It is called gel cry amide gel and is used to separate the fragments under the influence of an electric field.
A viscous slab of gel is formed between two glass or plastic plates. The samples are loaded in the slots of gel by micropipette. The two ends of the slabs are suspended in a salt solution and connected by electrodes to a power source (electricity).
As a result, the molecules present in the gel migrate through the electric field towards the opposite terminal i.e., from the negative to the positive terminal. The smaller molecules will move faster than the larger molecules.
Applications:- This procedure is used in forensic science to identify criminal cases (murder, rape, parentage). It is also used to diagnose infectious diseases, genetic disorders, and cancer. Moreover, this procedure is also used to determine the genetic similarities and evolutionary relationships among different organisms.
1.1.7 Spectrophotometry
This technique is used to measure the amount of light that passes through the sample, the amount of light absorbed at each wavelength is plotted in a graph called the absorption spectrum.
The instrument used for this purpose is called a spectrophotometer and the procedure is called spectrophotometry. For example, it can be used to determine the wavelengths of light that take part in photosynthesis.
1.1.8 Microscopy
Microscopy is the procedure of using microscopes to view samples and objects that cannot be seen with the naked eye. Of all the techniques used in biology, microscopy is the most important. The cells of living organisms range in size from 1-100 μm.
.Resolution and Magnification in Micro SEEF
The microscope has two abilities. i.e., resolution and magnification. The ability of a microscope to view two close objects by separating them from each other is called resolution power.
The resolution of a compound microscope is about 200 nm times while the resolution power of an electron microscope is 0.5 nm. Magnification power is the ability of a microscope to view an object by enlarging it from its real size.
The magnification power of a compound microscope is about 1500 times while an electron Tron microscope is about 1 million times. It depends on the resolution power.
1.1.9 Graticule and Micrometer
The measurements of microscopic objects are called micrometery. This can be done by using specially designed scales on glass. One of the scales is placed in the eyepiece called the graticule (glass scale) or ocular micrometer. It is used as a ruler.
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